RABBIT ANTI-BORRELIA BURGDORFERI SENSU STRICTO (ZS7) FLAGELLIN ANTIBODY

This is a polyclonal antibody, prepared against Flagellin from the spirochete B. burgdorferi, for use in ELISA and Western blotting applications.

PRODUCT DETAILS – RABBIT ANTI-BORRELIA BURGDORFERI SENSU STRICTO (B31) VLSE ANTIBODY

• Rabbit anti-B. burgdorferi sensu stricto Flagellin polyclonal IgG antibody (strain ZS7).
• Greater than 95% purity by SDS-PAGE and buffered in 0.02 M Potassium Phosphate, 0.15 M Sodium Chloride, pH 7.2.

BACKGROUND

Strain ZS7 was isolated from Ixodes rizinus ticks collected by flagging in the Freiburg, Germany area in the 1980s (Schutzer et al., 2011).

The flagella of B. burgdorferi are different from those of other spirochaetes in that they are not surrounded by an outer sheath layer but are comprised of a single flagellin protein. Unlike other bacterial flagella, those of the spirochaetes are situated within the periplasm and are referred to as periplasmic flagella. Studies comparing aflagellate Borrelia to flagellated indicate that the flagella have a role in the invasion of human tissue (Panelius, et al., 2001).

The 41 kD flagellin of B. burgdorferi is a major component of the periplasmic flagellar filament core, found in the hollow cylinder forming the filament. Its structure is helical, which is important for its function (Wallich, et al., 1990). The N- and C-termini of flagellin form the inner core of the flagellar filament, and the central portion of the protein makes up the outer surface. While the terminus of the protein is quite similar between all bacterial flagellins, the central portion is variable.

The flagellin genes are highly conserved among the different Borrelia species (Noppa, et al., 1995). Borrelia have double-stranded linear plasmids in addition to supercoiled circular plasmids, in low copy number. This suggests that initiation of DNA replication and partitioning are carefully controlled during the cell division cycle (Casselli, et al., 2012). Mammals often have acquired immune responses (T-cell and antibody responses) to flagellated bacterium and some bacteria are able to switch between multiple flagellin genes in order to evade this response; B. burgdorferi may also use this tactic when challenging mammals with infection (Noppa, et al., 1995).

It is believed that expression of the various proteins associated with the spirochete may be regulated by the changes in tick life cycle, changes in conditions during tick feeding (such as temperature, pH, and nutrients) and/or in coordination with the course of infection of the mammal host, i.e., changes in environment as the spirochete migrates from the tick’s midgut to its salivary glands to the mammal host. B. burgdorferi can attach to (and also differentially express antigens in) diverse tissues within the vertebrate host and the tick vector, suggesting that physiological factors other than pH and temperature may play roles in modulating B. burgdorferi gene expression. Flagellin is considered a good candidate for serodiagnosis in early stage of Lyme disease (Liu, et al., 2016) and in some instances has been the only detectable protein in serologic assays (Wagemakers, et al., 2018).

REFERENCES

• Casselli, T., Tourand, Y. & Bankhead, T., 2012. Altered murine tissue colonization by Borrelia burgdorferi following targeted deletion of linear plasmid 17-carried genes. Infection and Immunity, 80(5), pp. 1773-1782.
• Liu, H. et al., 2016. Polymorphism of 41 kD Flagellin Gene and Its Human B-Cell Epitope in Borrelia burgdorferi Strains of China. BioMed Research International, Volume 2016, p. 7.
• Noppa, L. et al., 1995. Expression of the flagellin gene in Borrelia is controlled by an alternative c factor. Microbiology, Volume 141, pp. 85-93.
• Panelius, J. et al., 2001. Recombinant Flagellin A Proteins from Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Stricto, B. afzelii, and B. garinii in Serodiagnosis of Lyme Borreliosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology.
• Schutzer, S.E. et al., 2011. Whole-genome sequences of thirteen isolates of Borrelia burgdorferi. J Bacteriol, 193, pp. 1018-1020.
• Wagemakers, A. et al., 2018. Case report: persistently seronegative neuroborreliosis in an immunocompromised patient. BMC Infectious Diseases, Volume 18, p. 362.
• Wallich, R. et al., 1990. The Borrelia burgdorferi flagellum-associated 41-kilodalton antigen (flagellin): molecular cloning, expression, and amplification of the gene. Infect Immun., 58(6), pp. 1711-1719.